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Training while Pregnant

Robliberti-4541 — Mon, 20 Jul 2009 03:07:37 GMT

Summary:

http://www.aikiweb.com/forums/showpost.php?p=102402&postcount=5
- and -
http://www.aikiweb.com/forums/showpost.php?p=102457&postcount=7

There is very little information
on this topic, so in order to make an argument you have to piece together
information from several sources. The abstracts have been put into
a loose structure; just one possible way of presenting the material.

1. Provide evidence for falling forces on the martial art(ist) (MA).
2. Provide evidence for injury on the individual when falling.
3. Show differences in forces and injuries with different floor coverings/pads since these are common in the MA.
4. Provide evidence for falling incidences, potential injuries, and risks for a pregnant woman. 
5. Other risks.
6. Legal impacts for consideration.
1: <a>J Biomech.</a> 2007;40(2):458-62. Epub 2006 Feb 9 

<ul>Martial arts fall techniques
decrease the impact forces at the hip during sideways falling.</ul>
<ul type="DISC">
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Groen+BE%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Groen
BE</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Weerdesteyn+V%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Weerdesteyn
V</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Duysens+J%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Duysens
J</a>. </li></ul>
<ul>Sint Maartenskliniek Research,
Development & Education, P.O. Box 9011, 6500 GM, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Vrije
Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</ul>

<ul>Falls to the side and those
with impact on the hip are risky for hip fractures in the elderly. A
previous study has indicated that martial arts (MA) fall techniques
can reduce hip impact force, but the underlying mechanism is unknown.
Furthermore, the high impact forces at the hand used to break the fall
have raised concerns because of the risk for wrist fractures. The purpose
of the study was to get insight into the role of hand impact, impact
velocity, and trunk orientation in the reduction of hip impact force
in MA techniques. Six experienced judokas performed sideways falls from
kneeling height using three fall techniques: block with arm technique
(control), MA technique with use of the arm to break the fall (MA-a),
and MA technique without use of the arm (MA-na). The results showed
that the MA-a and MA-na technique reduced the impact force by 27.5%
and 30%, respectively. Impact velocity was significantly reduced in
the MA falls. Trunk orientation was significantly less vertical in the
MA-a falls. No significant differences were found between the MA techniques.
It was concluded that the reduction in hip impact force was associated
with a lower impact velocity and less vertical trunk orientation. Rolling
after impact, which is characteristic for MA falls, is likely to contribute
to the reduction of impact forces, as well. Using the arm to break the
fall was not essential for the MA technique to reduce hip impact force.
These findings provided support for the incorporation of MA fall techniques
in fall prevention programs for elderly.</ul>
<a>Accid
Anal Prev.</a> 1999
Jan-Mar;31(1-2):85-9. 
<ul>Impact forces following
the unexpected removal of a chair while sitting.</ul>
<ul type="DISC">
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22McGill+SM%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">McGill
SM</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Callaghan+JP%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Callaghan JP</a>. </li></ul>
<ul>Faculty of Applied Health
Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada.</ul>
<ul>This report documents the
impact forces measured during trials of dropping an anthropometric dummy
(80.3 kg) (Hybrid III, First Technologies Corporation) in three different
positions onto it's pelvis (gluteal region) from a seated height, which
was meant to simulate a chair being pulled out from an individual in
the process of sitting. Peak forces on the pelvis were measured by a
force plate covered with industrial carpet. These impact forces were
translated to the compressive and shear forces on the lumbar spine.
The peak impact forces during the different body postures were 20000-29900
N (torso upright); 13000-22200 N (torso-legs 45 degrees to floor); 6000-15200
N (layout position). The impact forces generated from falling onto the
pelvis from a seated height, appear to be sufficient to cause injury
as the forces well exceed documented injury tolerance levels.</ul>
1: <a>Appl Ergon.</a> 1990 Jun;21(2):107-14 
<ul>Impact attenuation of
floor coverings in simulated falling accidents.</ul>
<ul type="DISC">

<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Maki+BE%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Maki
BE</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Fernie+GR%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Fernie GR</a>. </li></ul>
<ul>Department of Surgery, University of Toronto: Centre for Studies in Aging, Sunnybrook Medical Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5.</ul>
<ul>An experimental study was performed to assess to what extent the magnitudes of the impact forces generated in human falling accidents are affected by the nature of the floor covering. Peak decelerations were measured for impacts at the hip and at the hand, using a simple inverted-pendulum anthropomorphic fall simulator. Thirteen different floor coverings were tested, including five hard surfaces and four types of carpet, with and without underpad.
It was found that floor coverings can differ significantly in terms
of the peak impact force occurring during a fall. For hip impacts, the
mean differences between the different floorings ranged up to 23%, with
the padded carpets providing the best impact attenuation. In hand impacts,
the impact forces were found to be relatively independent of the type of floor covering.</ul>
<a>Medicina (Kaunas).</a> 2006;42(7):586-91.<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?itool=AbstractPlus-def&PrId=4185&uid=16861842&db=pubmed&url=http://medicina.kmu.lt/0607/0607-09l.pdf" target="_blank"></a>
<a>Links</a> 
<ul>[Trauma in pregnancy: complications, outcomes, and treatment]</ul>
<ul>[Article in Lithuanian]</ul>
<ul type="DISC">
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Aniuliene+R%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Aniuliene R</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Proseviciute+L%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Proseviciute L</a>, </li>

<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Aniulis+P%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Aniulis
P</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Pamerneckas+A%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Pamerneckas A</a>. </li></ul>
<ul>Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Eiveniu 2, 50009 Kaunas, Lithuania. <a href="mailto:rositaan@hotmail.com" target="_blank">rositaan@hotmail.com</a></ul>
<ul>The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the various traumas on mother and fetus and to present the solutions of trauma management. METHODS: A review of data archive of Kaunas University of Medicine Hospital and articles published during the last 13 years (1990-2003) and selected by computerized Medline search. Trauma affects 7-8% of all pregnant women; motor vehicle accidents account for 42%, falls--for 34%, and violence--for 18% of the most frequently cited cases of injuries. Of the 27,715 pregnant females attending antenatal clinics, 372 (1.3%) experienced trauma:
84% of women had blunt injuries and 16% had penetrating injuries. There
were 14 maternal deaths (3.8%) and 35 fetal deaths (9.4%). The success
of pregnancy is associated with severity of maternal trauma. The survival
of the fetus after trauma depends on the mother's condition in regard
to respiratory passage, oxygenation, and hypovolemia. During 1990-2003,
six pregnant patients with severe trauma were treated at Kaunas University
of Medicine Hospital. Traumatic separation of placenta was observed
in two cases. Three women and three fetuses died.</ul>
<a>Crit Care Nurs Q.</a> 2006 Jan-Mar;29(1):53-67; quiz 68-9.<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?itool=AbstractPlus-def&PrId=3159&uid=16456362&db=pubmed&url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00002727-200601000-00005" target="_blank"></a>
<a>Links</a> 
<ul>Trauma during pregnancy.</ul>
<ul type="DISC">
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Tweddale+CJ%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Tweddale CJ</a>.</li></ul>

<ul>Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC 28216, USA.</ul>
<ul>Trauma is the leading nonobstetrical cause of maternal death. The effect of trauma on the pregnant woman and unborn fetus can be devastating. The major causes of maternal injury are blunt trauma, penetrating trauma, burns, falls, and assaults. There are specific changes associated with pregnancy that are important for the clinician to consider when providing care to these patients. Initial management of traumatic injuries during pregnancy is essential for maternal and fetal well-being. This review outlines common causes of maternal trauma, the initial assessment of the pregnant trauma patient, and ongoing care for the pregnant trauma patient and unborn fetus.</ul>
<ul>PMID: 16456362 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</ul>
FALLS 
Of the pregnant patients treated for injuries each year, 3% to 31% are related to falls. (4,8,27) Women continue to be active with jobs, families, and activities while they are pregnant. During pregnancy, the gravid female has an increase lordosis of her spine, assisting in keeping the center of gravity over her legs. The incidence of falls increases as the pregnancy progresses because of this change in the center of gravity. The extent of the injury is
dependent on the specifics of the fall, including distance and the specific
body part involved. It is important that the pregnant patient be aware
of these changes in her musculoskeletal system and avoids activities
that could be harmful or cause her to loose her balance. 
During the third trimester, overly vigorous activities should be avoided. Exercise that involves a higher risk of falls should be avoided. Contact sports, including hockey, boxing, wrestling, football, and soccer, should also be discouraged.
High-risk sports such as gymnastics, horseback riding, skating, skiing,
hang gliding, and racquet sport are also discouraged because of the
increased risk of falls. (34) When exercising, hydration is very important
to avoid orthostatic symptoms that can cause the gravid patient to lose
balance and fall. 
When gravid patients fall,
the patients report falling onto their buttocks or side, or report falling
onto their abdomen, and usually have less than a 10% chance of having
significant fetal or maternal complication. (7) Dunning et al (35) reported
that close to 27% of the pregnant women they surveyed fell during pregnancy,
more than 6% of them while at work. They reported slippery floors, hurrying,
or carrying an object or child as contributing factors for the fall.
The majority of injuries were minor and were described as bruises, cuts,
turned ankles, sprain/strains, and broken bones. El Kady et al (36)
looked at outcomes of pregnant women who were hospitalized for falls
and found that 23% delivered during that admission. Injuries associated
with their falls included preterm labor, abruption, uterine rupture,
low birth weigh, and stillbirths. Those women discharged home without
admission sustained fractures, dislocations, sprains, and strains. 
Other concerns.
Change in body dynamics
Hormonal changes affect joint connectivity/stability
1: <a>Am J Obstet Gynecol.</a> 1996 Feb;174(2):667-71.<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?itool=AbstractPlus-def&PrId=3048&uid=8623804&db=pubmed&url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9378(96)70447-7" target="_blank"></a>
<a>Links</a> 
<ul>Peripheral joint laxity increases in pregnancy but does not correlate with serum relaxin levels.</ul>
<ul type="DISC">
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Schauberger+CW%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Schauberger
CW</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Rooney+BL%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Rooney
BL</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Goldsmith+L%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Goldsmith L</a>, </li>

<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Shenton+D%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Shenton
D</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Silva+PD%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Silva
PD</a>, </li>
<li><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Schaper+A%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Schaper A</a>. </li></ul>
<ul>Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology, Gundersen Medical Foundation, LaCrosse, WI, USA.</ul>
<ul>OBJECTIVE: Our purpose
was to evaluate peripheral joint laxity during pregnancy and to determine
whether serum relaxin levels are associated with increased joint laxity.
STUDY DESIGN: A prospective observational study was performed. RESULTS:
A significant increase in joint laxity was found in five of seven peripheral
joints over the course of the pregnancy and post partum. There was no
correlation with serum relaxin levels. There were no significant differences
in joint laxity on the basis of parity, age, or prepregnancy exercise
levels. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral joint laxity is noted to increase as
pregnancy progresses. The cause of this change is undetermined.</ul>

<ul>PMID: 8623804 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</ul>
<ul><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/fref.fcgi?itool=AbstractPlus-otool&PrId=uconnlib&uid=8623804&db=pubmed&url=http://sfx5.exlibrisgroup.com:3210/uconn?sid=Entrez:PubMed&id=pmid:8623804" target="_blank"></a></ul>
<a>J Law Med.</a> 2006 Aug;14(1):45-63.<a>Links</a> 
<ul>Further Discussion:</ul>
<ul>Law, pregnancy and sport: what are the repercussions when a pregnant lady plays?</ul>
<ul>
<ul type="DISC">
<li><a href="https://vpn.uconn.edu/entrez/query.fcgi,DanaInfo=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Werren+J%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Werren
J</a>.</li>
</ul></ul>
<ul>Faculty of Law, University of New England. <a href="mailto:jwerren@une.edu.au" target="_blank">jwerren@une.edu.au</a></ul>
<ul>This article reflects on
the issue of pregnancy and sport that was brought to the fore in Gardner
v National Netball League (2001) 182 ALR 408; [2001] FMCA 50 and Gardner
v All Australia Netball Association Ltd (2003) 174 FLR 452. It suggests
that these cases did not provide a definitive discussion of the tortious
liability implications that initially led Netball Australia to introduce
a ban on pregnant players. In an attempt to fill some of these gaps,
other case law that deals with liability of sporting organisations and
prenatal injury is discussed. The article primarily focuses on whether
the unborn child when born alive will have an action against her or
his mother as a result of injury occasioned while the mother was playing
sport when pregnant. This examination is undertaken in light of recent
Australian tort reform as well as changes in policy direction. The article
summarises the legal position of the parties involved in sport--sporting
organisations, medical practitioners, other participants and the pregnant
mother--and argues that, with reference to the guidelines and case law,
in only a very small number of cases would liability be found against
the sporting organisation or pregnant mother as a result of injuries
incurred prenatally.</ul>

<a>J Sci Med Sport.</a> 2002 Mar;5(1):46-54.<a>Links</a> 
<ul>Comment in: </ul>
<ul><a href="https://vpn.uconn.edu/entrez/query.fcgi,DanaInfo=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=12413045&itool=pubmed_abstractplus" target="_blank">J
Sci Med Sport. 2002 Sep;5(3):274.</a> </ul>
<ul>The risk of abdominal injury to women during sport.</ul>
<ul>
<ul type="DISC">

<li><a href="https://vpn.uconn.edu/entrez/query.fcgi,DanaInfo=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov+?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_AbstractPlus&term=%22Finch+CF%22%5BAuthor%5D" target="_blank">Finch
CF</a>.</li></ul></ul>
<ul>Victorian State Trauma Outcomes Registry and Monitoring, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia.</ul>
<ul>Although trauma to pregnant women is a potential risk during sport, as there is no published information about the magnitude of this risk, it is presumed to be low. Whilst there is an emerging literature about the risk of adverse outcomes following severe and catastrophic trauma to pregnant women, this literature almost exclusively focuses on road trauma victims or the result of assault. This paper describes the risk of abdominal injuries to women participants across a range of sports in Australia. An extensive search of the available literature could not identify any studies that had discussed this issue specifically in pregnant women. Studies, which have reported injuries
in athletes, have generally found abdominal/chest injuries to account
for fewer than 2% of all injuries, even in contact sports. Most of these
published studies do not differentiate between the chest and abdomen
and provide no specific details on the exact nature or mechanisms of
the injuries. Given the limitations of the published studies, an examination
of data from two Australian general injury databases (one describing
hospital admissions, the other hospital emergency department presentations),
three Australian sports-injury treatment databases (sports medicine
clinic attendances and medical coverage services) and one cohort study
was undertaken to describe sports-related abdominal injuries. These
analyses confirm that the risk of abdominal injury during sport is very
low. In conclusion, currently there is not an adequate evidence-base
for quantifying the risk of abdominal injuries during sport in women,
let alone pregnant women or for justifying a ban of sport on this basis.
Recommendations for future epidemiological sports injury studies and
the potential for linkages with perinatal morbidity and mortality databases
are given. </ul>
<a>J Sci Med Sport.</a> 2002 Mar;5(1):11-9.
<ul>[No authors listed]</ul>
<ul>There are numerous benefits to pregnant women of remaining active during pregnancy. These include improved weight control and maintenance of fitness. There may also be benefits in terms of reduced risk of development of gestational diabetes meilitus and improved psychological functioning. Moderate intensity aerobic exercise has been shown to be safe in pregnancy, with a number of studies now indicating that for trained athletes it may be possible to exercise at a higher level than is currently recommended by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Studies of resistance training, incorporating moderate weights and avoiding maximal isometnc contractions, have shown no adverse outcomes. There may be benefits of increased strength and flexibility. The risk of neural tube defects due to exercise-induced hyperthermia that is suggested by animal studies is less likely in women, because of more effective mechanisms of heat dissipation in humans.
There is accumulating evidence to suggest that participation in moderate
intensity exercise throughout pregnancy may enhance birth weight, while
more severe or frequent exercise, maintained for longer into the pregnancy:
may result in lighter babies. There have been no reports of foetal injury
or death in relation to trauma or contact during sporting activities.
Despite this, a risk of severe blunt trauma is present in some sporting
situations as pregnancy progresses. Exercise and lactation are compatible
in the post-partum period, providing adequate calories are consumed.
Considerations of pelvic floor function and type of delivery are relevant
in planning a return to certain types of exercise at this time.</ul>
Banning pregnant netballers--is this the answer? (Pregnancy in Sport).

S. White. British Journal of Sports Medicine. Feb 2002
v36 i1 p15(2).

<a>UCONN Links</a>
<a href="http://sfx5.exlibrisgroup.com:3210/uconn?issue=1&issn=0306-3674&volume=36&sid=Gale%3A+Health+Wellness+Resource+Center&atitle=Banning+pregnant+netballers--is+this+the+answer%3F+%28Pregnancy+in+Sport%29.&aufirst=S.&title=British+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&spage=15&date=2002-02&aulast=White" target="_blank">UCONN
Links</a> 

Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2002 British Medical Association
A forum on a ban of pregnant netballers considered that the ban was discriminatory and that pregnant women should have the right to make decisions about competing in sporting activities. 
A recent move by Netball Australia to ban all pregnant netballers at all levels from participating in their sport has been met with a mixture of outrage and sympathy. Those who advocate a woman's right to make decisions about her own pregnancy, including sports participation, have been vocal in their disagreement with this ban. Sporting administrators in fear of litigation and some sporting competitors concerned about playing against a pregnant opponent have welcomed the ban. 
The introduction of the ban had an immediate effect, with a national level netballer announcing her pregnancy (first trimester) and applying to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission for a lifting of the ban on the basis of discrimination. The case is pending. 
Such a controversial situation prompted the Australian Sports Commission to hold a national forum with a range of experts and interested parties invited to contribute. Firstly, the available medical evidence was discussed. Associate Professor Caroline Finch, Chair of the National SportSafe Committee and a leading epidemiologist in the area of sports injury, reported that there is not a single case of an adverse outcome in pregnancy related to sports participation in the world literature. Admittedly there are no specific studies on pregnancy
and contact sports, but numerous studies have looked at aerobic activities
and fetal outcome. 
A number of papers now concur that women who take moderate exercise (less than four times a week) in fact have larger babies than non-exercisers or more extreme exercisers. (1) None of these studies recorded any problems in terms of labour, delivery, or Apgar scores in any of the groups. There are now even a few studies of cognitive behaviour in newborns and 1 year old and 5
year old children all showing that those whose mothers exercised during pregnancy functioned as well as, or better than, those whose mothers did not. (2) 
In terms of contact in sport, the only large body of literature that considers fetal injury in relation to contact is in motor vehicle accidents and domestic violence, neither of which could be considered comparable to a game of netball. To further attempt to quantify a possible risk from sporting contact, Finch used data from two large epidemiological studies on the incidence of types of sporting injuries. In both studies, less than 2% of all injuries,
in a range of sports, involved the chest or abdomen and in both studies all contacts were considered minor. 
Finch conceded that there is room for more research in this area, but the current available evidence suggests that sport and exercise, if anything, has a beneficial effect on the fetus/child. 
Professor Wendy Brown discussed public health issues, in particular female participation rates in sport. Professor Brown is the principal investigator with the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health, involving 40 000 participants. Part of the study focused on sports participation and showed that the biggest fall in participation rates in women is during their 20s and 30s (child bearing years) when there are a number of practical barriers to regular exercise. Couple this with the fact that physical inactivity is one of the largest
contributors to ill health, (3) more so in women, then there is an overwhelming
argument to encourage women to exercise during this time rather than send the wrong message by banning participation in netball (the single largest participation sport for women in Australia). 
Dr Michael Sedgley, obstetrician and past chairman of the medicolegal committee of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College Of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, argued that there is no evidence to suggest that exercise during pregnancy is in anyway harmful to the fetus. He also cited research showing that exercise during pregnancy can decrease the incidence of nausea and depression and increase feelings of wellbeing in the mother. Unfortunately there is no evidence that active women have shorter or easier labours, but
it is possible that they may recover more quickly in the post partum period. He advocated the right of the woman to make a choice about sports participation during pregnancy, in conjunction with her medical practitioner. 

A legal session involved discussion on the current Australian legislation with regard to anti-discrimination, occupational health and safety, and negligence law. Banning a person from participating in an activity because of their sex, religion, or pregnant state is against the provisions of the Anti-discrimination Act. To do so, a group must either apply for an exemption (which Netball Australia did not do) or show exceptional circumstances (the test case awaits). 
In terms of the risks of negligence for sporting organisations, including its administrators, umpires, and opposing players, it has never been tested. The legal expert present stated that "causation" must be shown, and he felt that there was insufficient evidence in the current literature to support this. This point of view was disputed by some who were concerned that in a
trial in which a jury may decide the matter, such an emotive case as
(potential) injury to a child may affect the judgment. 
A representative of the insurance industry acknowledged that one of the biggest issues facing sporting organisations in Australia is the rising cost and inaccessibility of public liability insurance, without which an organisation cannot operate. He felt that the current wording of the general policies would cover injuries to a pregnant woman and her fetus but that it had never been
tested. If a case was to occur, this may significantly increase the
premiumsrequired to cover future risk, making such cover beyond the
reach of most sporting organisations and putting their existence in
doubt. 
Finally ethicists discussed the issues involving the ban, as well as confidentiality issues in relation to team medical officials in the case of a pregnant athlete involved in a sport that bans participation. 
The resultant informal consensus of the forum was that the ban was discriminatory, that women should have the right to make decisions about competing in sporting activities (in conjunction with their medical practitioners), and that it is mandatory to better educate players, officials, and medical practitioners about the current state of knowledge on exercise during pregnancy. Litigation for negligence was considered unlikely from the current evidence in the literature. 
Meanwhile Netball Australia continues its ban. This ban has generated much discussion and hopefully inspired researchers and the government to investigate and fund relevant research in this area. 
The outcome of the case before the anti-discrimination board will certainly affect future policy, but it is hoped that sensible discussion of the issues, education of all parties involved, and the results of future research will contribute more to the development of participation guidelines than the fear of
litigation. 

REFERENCES 
(1.) Campbell MK, Mottola MF.
Recreational exercise and occupation activity during pregnancy and birthweight:
a case control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:403-8 
(2.) Clapp JF 3rd, Lopez B,
Harcar-Sevcik. Neonatal behavioral profile of the offspring of women
who continue to exercise regularly throughout pregnancy. Am J Obstet
Gynecol 1999;180:91-4. 
(3.) Mathers C, Vos T, Stevenson
C. The burden of disease and injury in Australia. Canberra: Australian
Institute of Health and Welfare, 1999:cat no. PHE-17.

Aiki otoshi

ErikJgimar-13526 — Tue, 24 Mar 2009 10:59:45 GMT

Summary: New page: Aiki Otoshi is performed after, among other attacks, an initial ryokatadori attack by uke. Nage lowers hips slightly while dropping one shoulder. His hand is held open and center, as he tu...

Aiki Otoshi is performed after, among other attacks, an initial ryokatadori attack by uke. Nage lowers hips slightly while
dropping one shoulder. His hand is held open and center, as he turns so he stands sideways with uke, but significantly lower.
The hand is used to block a potential knee strike from uke towards nages face during the lowering and turning movements.

Nage grabbs ukes legs at kneecap height, but from behind and lifts uke. The lifting motion is done in such a way that uke "rolls"
off nage's hip. Doing this rolling off the hip movement produces higher throws, while simply lifting uke and moving his legs a bit forward
will make it easier for those with less ukemi experience to take the fall.

MotomichiAnno

Joanbeia — Fri, 24 Oct 2008 22:38:55 GMT

Summary:

Born in 1931.
8th Dan in 1978.
After the dead of Michio Hikitsuchi (2-2-2004) is the Dojo Cho of Kumano Juku Dojo in Shingu, Wakayama-Ken, Japan.

ETAF

Richardibbotson — Sun, 03 Aug 2008 13:05:16 GMT

Summary: New page: European Tomiki Aikido Federation - main web site http://www.etaf.org.uk

European Tomiki Aikido Federation - main web site

http://www.etaf.org.uk

Hiroshi Kato

Aikidoc — Wed, 18 Jun 2008 01:11:31 GMT

Summary: New page: 8th dan. Born in Tokyo in 1935, Kato-sensei began Aikido training in 1954 at Hombu Dojo, under the instruction of the Founder, O’Sensei. He has been attending Doshu’s class for three...

8th dan. Born in Tokyo in 1935, Kato-sensei began Aikido training in 1954 at Hombu Dojo, under the instruction of the Founder, O’Sensei. He has been attending Doshu’s class for three generations: the Founder, the second Doshu, and the current third Doshu.

In 1987, he formally estabished Suginami Aikikai as a branch dojo under Aikikai Hombu Dojo. The former Yagyu-kai was then incorporated into Suginami Aikikai. He has several branch dojos in California, Texas, Mexico and Indonesia. Periodically, he teaches seminars as a guest shihan in the U.S., Mexico, Brazil and other countries.

Truly “everyperson’s aikidoist,” Kato-sensei exemplifies one who has persevered in his own practice, was recognized, and rose to high rank on his own merit. Like most of us “normal people,” he is a person who worked a regular job and trained in what spare time was availible, persevering by training hard and never giving up.

Kato sensei also has an extensive weapons system with the jo and bokuto.

Generalteaching

Mriehle — Mon, 21 Apr 2008 20:14:23 GMT

Summary: /* External Resources */

= General Issues in Teaching Aikido =

== Starting a School ==

=== Equipment ===

=== Insurance ===

=== Legal Issues ===

==== General ====

The advice here is from the perspective of an Aikido instructor who has run a school. It's a good place to start, but legal issues really should be discussed with a qualified attorney. All legal documents used by the school should be read and approved by an attorney, possibly even written by an attorney.

==== Reporting Problems or Violations ====

Having policies in place is only the beginning. Everyone involved in the school must be aware of the correct steps in reporting a perceived problem or a violation in policy. This can range from an informal talk with an instructor to a written complaint.

Whatever procedures are used, the focus should be on resolving issues in a timely and satisfactory way, protecting both students and instructors and preventing the resolution process from derailing normal operations of the school.

==== Certifying Teachers ====

It's likely that non-certified yudansha and higher-ranking mudansha students will be required to teach on some occasions. But for anyone who teaches as a matter of course, there should be some sort of certification program which includes some familiarization with school policies. In some cases, it may be worthwhile for anyone wanting to be a regular teacher to sign a document stating that they have read and understood the policies.

Some schools have regular re-certification sessions for all certified teachers. This or some kind of regular classes geared toward those who have teaching as a responsibility are a good way to insure that all teaching staff are aware of what is expected of them and any changes in policy. It may also provide an opportunity to spot developing issues before they become a problem.

In addition, anyone participating in a program geared toward minors should undergo a background check. This check should be geared toward relevant criminal activity, specifically sexual misconduct or child abuse. A number of other, similar organizations have developed policies and procedure which my provide a model for how this should be handled.

==== Teaching Minors ====

A number of issues arise in teaching minors that are not generally at issue with adults. Allegations of abuse, justified or not, against a teacher can destroy the reputation of the teacher and the school. Policies regarding minors must protect the minor students from potentially abusive teachers by screening out such teachers and by ensuring that opportunities for abuse are minimized or eliminated. These policies should also protect the instructor from any potential for unjustified allegations.

A good, general policy to have is to avoid even the appearance of misconduct. Structure policies such that no misconduct can occur without witnesses and make sure they are enforced.

===== Always More than one adult with a minor =====

It's never a good idea for an instructor to be alone with minors, even when the parents trust the instructor. It may present an image of impropriety even if there is none and it opens the instructor to allegations of misconduct even if no such misconduct occurs.

Certainly, any potential misconduct would occur in such a situation.

===== Separate dressing facilities for teachers where possible =====

It's best for instructors not to use the same dressing rooms as children. Even other adult students should be discouraged from changing at the same time as minors.

Where separate facilities are not possible, changing in "shifts" is a viable alternative.

Another alternative is to encourage students in children's classes to arrive dressed for class. This can be problematic from the standpoint of keeping uniforms clean, but is often easier for parents in any case.

===== Safety Rules =====

With children, in particular, expectations of student behavior must be spelled out pretty clearly. This is especially true of rules aimed at safety. Horseplay, running, and fighting are just a few examples of behavior which must be actively discouraged.

== Teaching in Someone Else's School ==

Whether you are invited to teach or are expressing a desire to teach, you have a responsibility to the school and to potential students to be sure that you have the proper qualifications. You also have a responsibility to understand and follow the policies of the school.

== External Resources ==

These are links to various resources which may contain information useful in developing your policies and procedures for an Aikido school. Not all of them related directly to Aikido, but they all address issues which are discussed in the General Issues in Teaching Aikido section.

[http://www.virtus.org/virtus VIRTUS Online]

[http://www.scouting.org/YouthProtection.aspx Boy Scouts of America Youth Protection]

[http://ag.ca.gov/fingerprints/agencies.php Fingerprint Sumbissions, California Deptarment of Justice.]

MichioHikitsuchi

Joanbeia — Fri, 14 Mar 2008 17:26:15 GMT

Summary:

'''Michio Hikitsuchi''' (1923 - february 2, 2004) is an Aikido instructor and the founder of Kumano Juku Dojo in Shingu, Japan.

== List of your students ==
* [[MotomichiAnno| Anno, Motomichi]], 8th Dan
* [[TomioIshimoto|Ishimoto, Tomio]], 8th Dan
* [[GerardBlaize| Blaize, Gerard]], 7th Dan
* [[ClintGeorge |George, Clint]], 6th Dan

== External Links ==

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Hikitsuchi Wikipedia]
[http://www.kumanojuku.com/iaf2008/]

GerardBlaize

Joanbeia — Fri, 14 Mar 2008 16:51:05 GMT

Summary: Added more information

'''Gérard Blaize''', is the main teacher off the [[AFATJ]] (Association Française d'Aikido Traditionel du Japon

Is Born in Toulouse, France, in 1946. From 1975 to 1981 live in Japan and study with [[KisshomaruUeshiba| Kisshomaru Ueshiba]], [[SeigoYamaguchi|Seigo Yamaguchi]] and [[MichioHikitsuchi| Michio Hikitsuchi]].

Receive the 7th Dan in 26, april, 1995.

Is also 7th Dan in Jodo

[http://www.afatj.com Associaton Française d'Aikido Traditionnel du Japon]

[http://www.ekf-eu.com/ European Kendo Federation]

[http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Blaize Wikipedia]

Iwama Ryu

Aviv — Mon, 12 Nov 2007 00:37:31 GMT

Summary: New page: Iwama Ryu was an organization developed by Saito Morihiro Shihan, largely to authorize teachers to teach Iwama-style bukiwaza. Most of the participants were in Europe. The bukiwaza teach...

Iwama Ryu was an organization developed by Saito Morihiro Shihan, largely to authorize teachers to teach Iwama-style bukiwaza. Most of the participants were in Europe. The bukiwaza teaching certification had six steps, the top being equivalent to a Menkyo Kaiden. Teachers had to have minimum dan ranks and pass an exam with Saito Shihan to receive each teaching certificate.

Many people erroneously use the terms Iwama-style and Iwama Ryu interchangeably. There are many Iwama-style aikido practicioners around the world but only some of these were Iwama-Ryu. WIth Saito Shihan's passing in 2002, many of the Iwama-Ryu dojos have rejoined the Aikikai.

WilliamWitt

Aviv — Mon, 12 Nov 2007 00:15:28 GMT

Summary:

7th dan, Aikikai Shihan. Instructor at Aikido of Palo Alto and a leader in the Takemusu Aikido Association, the [[TAA]]. The first foreign student to be accepted into the [[Iwama]] dojo, Japan. Led the way for many others to study with [[MorihiroSaito]]. Began his Aikido training at Aikikai Hombu Dojo with O'Sensei.

Morihirosaito

Aviv — Mon, 12 Nov 2007 00:13:04 GMT

Summary:

Website: http://www.saitosensei.com/

Saito Morihiro Shihan, 9th dan, passed away in 2002. He had trained with the Founder for 23 years and was one of his closest students. He was the caretaker of the Aiki Shrine and the Founder's dojo in Iwama, Japan. Being an excellent instructor, he inspired many aikidoists around the world. He preserved and interpreted the riai (combined weapons and empty-hand forms) as taught by O'Sensei.

Father of [[Hitohiro Saito]] Sensei.

GakuHomma

Tscrisman — Sat, 22 Sep 2007 18:11:17 GMT

Summary: New page: Founder and Kancho of Nippon Kan, Denver Colorado

Founder and Kancho of Nippon Kan, Denver Colorado

Seidokanprinciples

Bronson — Thu, 13 Sep 2007 07:45:11 GMT

Summary:

Principles of Aikido:

True Victory is Victory Over Oneself

One must first learn to control oneself before attempting to harmonize and control others. Without a good balance and control of oneself, one can neither avoid an attack nor apply an effective technique on others. It is through self-control that one can learn to enjoy a harmonious way of life.

Principle of Oneness

In order to harmonize with the laws of nature, we must first learn to develop and maintain the right attitude of training. We must always keep the attitude of becoming one with every situation. This is an attitude of respect for all things at all times. Regardless of the situation, friend or foe, one must always be ready to harmonize. The right attitude greatly affects the efficiency of the action. It is not how strong, but rather how correct you are that counts. This concept of oneness will make it possible for anyone regardless of age or sex to perform the arts efficiently.

Principle of Circular Motion

The spiritual circle is the foundation of all Aikido techniques. Circular movement synthesizes everything and can freely resolve all problems. The innermost study of the circular motion is to develop new techniques from the center of the circle. Aikido techniques are combinations of circular movements. Regardless of the ways the opponent attacks, linear or angular, a circular motion centered at your lower abdomen, hara, will naturally blend with the attack so that you can execute a controlling art with efficiency. The centripetal force will draw the opponent into your range of effectiveness so that the centrifugal force can eject him effectively. All circular motions are preceded by a spiritual circle. The spiritual circle is the circle drawn within one's mind before the execution of the physical circle.

Range of Effectiveness

The best way to defend yourself against an attack is to get out of the opponent's range of effectiveness. You can step off the line of force, move out of the opponent's radius of reach or step inside of the circle of attack. However, in order to be able to control an attacker, one must remain well within his/her own range of effectiveness at the same time he/she is moving out of the attacker's range of effectiveness. Barely reaching the attacker will not give the defender full advantage for he/she will be over extended and off balance. Being too close to the attacker could also hinder one's effectiveness. Depending on the situation, one must learn to realize the range of effectiveness of that moment.

Principle of Ki

Ki is the force behind all things. Everything in the universe has Ki. Ki is the essence of our world. It is the basis of all matter, every phenomenon, emotion, sense, direction, will, consciousness and conscience. Ki is also an energy which can be very useful in our daily lives when used properly. Ki is our life force which keeps us alive. Ki is the binding force of our mind and body. We can be very efficient if we unify our mind and body. However, it is rather difficult to maintain the oneness of mind and body throughout our daily lives without something to bind them together. As electricity keeps the computer and the robot working together, Ki keeps the mind and the body working in oneness.

The Principles to Unify Mind and Body:

Keep One-Point

Calmly let your mind settle at an imaginary point about two inches below the navel.

Controlled Relaxation

Relax your entire body to the point where you are able to maintain complete control of yourself by keeping calmness of mind and body between tenseness and limpness.

Settle Down

Naturally allow the gravitational pull to settle your entire body down to where it should settle.

Let Your Ki Flow

To think positively and be ready for action with a calm and flexible mind without referring to excessive physical strength. A positive attitude toward life.

from www.seidokan.org

ADRA

Mazhardardari-7231 — Sat, 25 Aug 2007 05:08:12 GMT

Summary: /* Styles and Organizations in Aikido */

Dardari Ryu: is a new Aikido Style. Found by Mr. Mazhar Al-Dardari who was born in Damascus, 1972.

Al-Dardari Ryu is different from other Methods of hostilities and philosophical as it is far from realistic attitudes prepared in advance, and this method includes a wide range of techniques that are violent, locks, locks reverse, strikes and ground engagement in addition to combat weapons and conventional attacks and Unconventionality.

It is briefly comprehensive system of self-defense and defense of others.

The concepts of dynamic Dardari Ryu based on the principles of control of the opponent through several strategies, including breach balance techniques for the control of the adversary, the use of beatings with the elbow, the fist sequentially to reach areas articulated and pressure to neutralize the opponent, and Earth Force to weaken and eliminate the opponent.

The founder of this method did not take it upon itself inventing techniques but to develop techniques to be more realistic and effective as part of an educational system designed within the educational system designed to telling and all age groups living in our modern societies.

The essence of Dardari Ryu involves attack, defense and exploitation of attitudes and tools available to fight any attacks and eliminate them. The concepts, principles and applications of scientific realism is the essence of this method, and away from the history of art of any combatant and roots, Al-Dardari Ryu is the modern fight style that commensurate with this period of time.

MichaelWilliams

Danielajames — Tue, 03 Jul 2007 01:54:47 GMT

Summary:

Founded Aikido Ki Society Australia, in 1985 he was appointed Chief Instructor of Australia.
Williams Sensei resigned from Ki Society International in January 2002.
Awarded 9th Dan by [[Koretoshi Maruyama]] and appointed Chief Instructor of
Aikido [[Yuishinkai]] International in October 2003.

HiroshiIsoyama

CPTBattou — Sat, 23 Jun 2007 13:13:31 GMT

Summary:

= Hiroshi Isoyama =

ISOYAMA HIROSHI ''Shihan'' (Master), 8th Dan, currently serves as Technical Councilor for the International Aikikai Foundation, Aikido World Headquarters and is the acting head of the Ibaraki Shibu Dojo in Iwama. He was formerly Chief of Defensive Tactics for the Japan Self Defense Force Academy, and also instructed the U.S. Army in self defense tactics. From the age of twelve, Isoyama Shihan lived next to, and was trained by the founder of Aikido, Ueshiba Morihei O-sensei. Some of the students who trained alongside him were Saito Morihiro Shihan, Takeo Murata, Sakae Shimada (present Ibaraki Prefectural Federation chairman), and Sachio Yamane. He joined the Air Self-Defense Forces and was sent to Chitose in 1958. His first students were members of the American military police and eventually included members of the Japanese Self-Defense Force. He is one of the few people who closely followed O-Sensei during the development of modern Aikido.

Sumi otoshi

Aikidoka72 — Wed, 20 Jun 2007 18:44:53 GMT

Summary: New page: Corner Drop

Corner Drop

AIKDPS

Akiy — Sun, 29 Apr 2007 00:48:24 GMT

Summary: /* American International Ki Development and Philosophical Society (AIKDPS) - Sueneka-ha Aikido */

= American International Ki Development and Philosophical Society (AIKDPS) - Suenaka-ha Aikido =

Main Website: http://www.suenaka.com

Established in 1975 by [[RoySuenaka|Roy Suenaka]] when he broke off from [[KoichiTohei|Koichi Tohei]]'s International Ki Society.

Its [[shihan|shihan]] instructors include:
* [[RoySuenaka|Roy Suenaka]] shihan

IstaQuebec

Istaquebec — Sat, 14 Apr 2007 19:59:30 GMT

Summary:

Ista Quebec is the place to discover aikido, a non-violent martial art without competition, practised in the whole world by more than one million men, women and children of all physical conditions.

We offer courses in various points of Montréal:

Verdun

Petite-Bourgogne

Académie Sportive

Plateau Mont-Royal

Côte des Neiges

Cegep Rosemont

Subscription to ISTA opens access to all ISTA's dojos.

[IstaQuebec http://www.ISTAQUEBEC.com]

ISTA principles

Istaquebec — Sat, 14 Apr 2007 19:49:35 GMT

Summary: Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Istaquebec|Istaquebec]] ([[User_talk:Istaquebec|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Akiy|Akiy]]

In every technique we find the same basic principes, theses are immutables: if one of theses is missing then the techniques loses it's sense and it's efficacity..
By working a technique, it is all the discipline that one practice.
Working with the weapons is an excellent way to show the basic principles of aikido.

Principles

All aikido techniques go in a centripedal spiral movement : after having kept a security distance, then deviated the attack, the partner who does the technique is in the center of this spiral and amplifies it in order to control the other or make him fall.

All deplacements have to be reduced to the strict minimum in order to guarantee the speed of execution.

However, to guarantee the effects stated above it will be necessary to create, whatever the technique, a certain number of "basics":

- Distance et placement (space-time management), this notion is common to all martial arts.
(MA-AI)

- Right natural attitude, balance, physical and mental maintenance (SHISEI / KAMAE)

- To use the energy of the other, go in the same direction, be at the end of the force. (KI NO NAGARE and KI MISUBI)

- Take the center of the other and of the movement, move at least. The other must move more than you. (IRIMI / URA : concepts to be brought closer to "yin-yang")

- Use the push of the hips while putting all the segments of the body in the same direction . (IKKYO UNDO)

- "Respiration", only a flexible, full, free and continuous breathing can allow a good coordination of the movements and a good energy circulation . (KOKYU)

- Displacement, to move its body freely. (TAI SABAKI)

- To tie, untie: to release itself from any grip. (TE ODOKI)

- To be able to carry a precise striking directed on a vital point of the organization during all the realization of the technique. (ATEMI)

Alain Peyrache

Istaquebec — Sat, 14 Apr 2007 19:43:34 GMT

Summary:

An Aïkido Master: Alain PEYRACHE

The true master is the one who teaches his students how not to need him

Born in 1950, Alain PEYRACHE likes to tell, not without humour, that its first meeting with aikido was the fruit of an error: he believed this day to attend a course of judo... But such a chance could not explain a 40 years fidelity to this martial discipline.

The teaching of Japanese Masters and more particularly of Master TAMURA fed what one can call an authentic vocation. At their sides, he acquired this impeccable, very sober and purified technique which characterizes him.

At the beginning of the Sixties, Alain PEYRACHE starts aikido within the group directed by Me Nocquet which he will abandon very quickly to move towards the teaching of the best Japanese experts, students of Master UESHIBA, founder of the aikido. He envolved some time within the Muchizuki group and also met masters NAKAZONO, TADA, NORO, ASAÏ, ICHIMURA...

Master TAMURA, who arrives to France at that time, will become his single professor for several decades. It is this meeting with master TAMURA who strenghtened his research in aikido.

In 1967, at 17 years, following a wound of his professor, he is found responsible for the dojo and must be formed by its own means. In parallel, he studies Chinese medicine and engages in philosophical researchs. Each weekend, he travels a lot in France and Europe to work with most of the founder's students.

In 1970, he creates its own dojo. Same time he enters under the direction of Master TAMURA to the administrative committee of the A.C.F.A., then of the U.N.A. Member of the national Commission of the ranks and the commission of teaching, he trains many professors and current French leaders. He discharged during five years of his task with zeal and effectiveness. The membership increase, which has more than doubled during this time is a tangible proof. Much more, he could create a true spirit of body among the executives and give them all at the same time true technical merits.

In 1982, following dissensions with the Federation of judo, he spent much time, as the National Technical Responsable, to set up the FFLAB, using of its deep knowledge of the federal wheels which he wants to make profitable to allow the development of the true spirit of the practice. In spite of the insistence of Master TAMURA, he refuses the presidency of the national commission of the ranks, remaining without fault into the spirit of the traditional dojo.

With the success of the FFLAB, the opportunists started to flourish, aïkidokas often engaging on the easiest slopes, politicians having more power that the practitionners, the federations starting to do the contrary of what they claimed to do initially; he notes that all his efforts for a traditional aikido were wasted. Thus he resigned, but continued teaching in its own dojos an aikido without compromise.

The beginning of the Nineties is for him a revelation and, with time, he becomed an example for a large number of European professors, who accompany him in creation of the E.P.A. - European School of Aikido, single in its kind, where gather all those who seek to practise a traditional aikido.

Recognized like one of the best European Masters, he is requested to animate many seminars s in France and Europe (Italy, England, Belgium, Netherlands...). Now his teaching radiates beyond the European borders, answering the call of aïkidokas of many countries (Canada, Quebec, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Israel...).
Expert in Oriental tradition, he invests himself in the practice, not wasting his time giving useless gratifications to his students, without using incomprehensible jargons, he teaches them how to execute techniques of extreme purity with simplicity and effectiveness.

Those who know Alain PEYRACHE know that one of his major concern consists in permanently binding theory and practical: "aikido can be understood only if one familiarizes himself with the cultural context in which it developed: the tradition and Eastern philosophy ".
In his teaching each course is structured, develops an idea, is centered on a progression. The technical study is precise and rigorous not to denature the martial aspect of the aikido, he also highlights the guiding principles which underlies the techniques.

A teaching worthy should not only raise the question of the means, but also of the finalities of Aikido

Among those let us quote:

• the safeguarding and improvement of health;

• the access to autonomy: to release itself from the model of the teacher, to adapt the technique to our morphology, with our temperament.

An acute critical direction, the sincerity of his research thus made possible to Alain PEYRACHE to avoid the principal pitfalls which alas sometimes denatured the teaching of the martial arts: sportive/muscular deviations, commercial deviations, mystiscism/sectarian deviations, etc. His intransigence in this field not always gave him friends, but contributed to make him recognized like one of the best european aikido teacher.

He is the author of a reference work: The "Didactic Treaty of Traditional Aikido"

He directs the collection "the Guides of the Practitioner of Aikido"

He is the founder of:

• E.P.A. (European School of Aikido)

• I.S.T.A. (International School of Traditionnal Aikido)

To follow Alain PEYRACHE in his requirements and his rigour is a difficult way but an incomparable ressource.

The way he teaches is a whole training towards autonomy.

== Refecences ==

[http://www.dojoista.com/ Official Dojoista website]

[http://www.epa-aikido.org/ Europe Promotion Aikido website]

[http://www.istaquebec.com/ Official english website Istaquebec]

YoshinobuTakeda

BerinMackenzie — Thu, 08 Mar 2007 02:15:04 GMT

Summary:

http://www.aikidosydneycity.com/takedashihan.html

The following was taken from the above website:

Takeda Yoshinobu Shihan, 8th dan, began his study of Aikido in the early 1960’s at the Honbu Dojo in Tokyo and trained for many years under the late Yamaguchi Seigo Shihan, 9th dan, himself a direct student of O-Sensei, the Founder of Aikido. He was soon recognised as one of Yamaguchi Sensei’s most gifted students and was urged by his teacher to start his own dojo in the late 1960’s.

Today he is regarded as one of the greatest living masters of Aikido. Takeda Sensei’s style is incredibly beautiful, dynamic and powerful, yet overwhelmingly soft and effortless. This unique combination of qualities has attracted and inspired students and Aikido dojo all over the world.

Takeda Sensei is currently the director of Aikido Kenkyukai International (with branch dojos in Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Tanzania and USA) and of the Shonan Aikido Renmei in Kamakura, Japan, where he teaches. He is also a member of the Aikikai Board of Directors at Honbu Dojo in Tokyo.

AikiWiki

Akiy — Wed, 07 Mar 2007 22:13:30 GMT

Summary: /* Modifying the AikiWiki */

= About the AikiWiki =

The goal of the AikiWiki is to create an open, collaborative, and community-driven repository for aikido information that is freely available for everyone. Most pages here in the AikiWiki are freely editable by [http://www.aikiweb.com/membership/ members] of the AikiWeb community. This means that together, we can harness the wide world of knowledge, experience, and love of the art of aikido that is available to create a great compendium of aikido information.

(As an aside, I also happen to like the way the word "AikiWiki" looks and sounds...)

= Modifying the AikiWiki =

A "Wiki" is an interesting way of collecting and sharing information on the Internet. At its heart is its ability to allow its users to add content as well as modify already existing content. This allows a great collaborative effort to share information.

In order to actually add/modify pages in the AikiWiki, you'll need to be logged into your AikiWeb membership username and password by using the login form at the top right of the page.

Here is some information on Wikis and help on properly using the Wiki mark-up language.

* [[w:wiki]] - General information on "What is a Wiki?"
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing Editing] - General Help on Editing
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext_examples WikiText Examples] - Examples of using WikiText mark-up

Some pages (such as this one and the wiki [Main_Page|home page]) may not be editable. If you have suggestions on changing them, please send them to [http://www.aikiweb.com/forums/sendmessage.php the administrator].

Lastly, if you have any questions, concerns, or find things in the AikiWiki that seem inappropriate, please don't hesitate to [http://www.aikiweb.com/forums/sendmessage.php contact the administrator].

= The AikiWiki License =

All articles here in the
AikiWiki is licensed to the public under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons License]. In a nutshell, this means that you are free:
* to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work
* to make derivative works
... under the following conditions:
* Attribution: You must give the original author credit.
* Noncommercial: You may not use this work for commerical purposes.
* Share Alike: If you copy, alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a licence identical to this onw.
* For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
* Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder.

Also, please be careful about re-using other people's information (ie other aikido websites, books, publications). Doing so would contravene copyright laws.

Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above.

AikiWeb retains all rights to accept, deny, or modify all modifications submitted to the AikiWiki.

Zanshin

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:47:14 GMT

Summary: New page: = Zanshin:　残心 = Lit. "remaining mind/heart." Even after an aikido technique has been completed, one should remain in a balanced and aware state. Zanshin thus connot...

= Zanshin:　残心 =

Lit. "remaining mind/heart." Even after an aikido technique has been completed, one should remain in a balanced and aware state. Zanshin thus connotes "following through" in a technique, as well as preservation of one's awareness so that one is prepared to respond to additional attacks. Zanshin has both a physical and a cognitive dimension. The physical dimension is represented by maintaining correct posture and balance even when a technique has been completed. The cognitive dimension consists partly in preserving the same overall mindset at all phases of technique application - there is nothing any more special about having completed a technique than there is about beginning or continuing it. Also, upon completing a technique, one's state of cognitive readiness is not abandoned: one remains ready either for a renewed attack by the same opponent, or for an attack from another direction by a new attacker.

Zori

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:47:04 GMT

Summary: New page: = Zori:　草履 = Sandals worn when off the mat to help keep the mat clean!

= Zori:　草履 =

Sandals worn when off the mat to help keep the mat clean!

Zen

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:46:54 GMT

Summary:

= Zen:　禅 =

A school or division of Buddhism characterized by techniques designed to produce enlightenment. In particular, Zen emphasizes various sorts of meditative practices, which are supposed to lead the practitioner to a direct insight into the fundamental character of reality (see [[ku]] and [[mokuso]]). Practitioners of many martial arts, including aikido, believe that adopting a mindful attitude towards martial arts training can promote some of the same insights as more traditional meditative practices.

Yudansha

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:46:45 GMT

Summary: New page: = Yudansha:　有段者 = Black belt holder (any rank).

= Yudansha:　有段者 =

Black belt holder (any rank).

Yokomen

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:46:41 GMT

Summary: New page: = Yokomen:　横面 = Side of the head.

= Yokomen:　横面 =

Side of the head.

Yoko

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:46:35 GMT

Summary: New page: = Yoko:　横 = Side.

= Yoko:　横 =

Side.

Waza

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:46:32 GMT

Summary: New page: = Waza:　技 = Techniques. Although in aikido we have to practice specific techniques, aikido as it might manifest itself in self-defense may not resemble any particular, sta...

= Waza:　技 =

Techniques. Although in aikido we have to practice specific techniques, aikido as it might manifest itself in self-defense may not resemble any particular, standard aikido technique. This is because aikido techniques encode strategies and types of movement which are modified in accordance with changing conditions. (see [[kihon]]).

UchiDeshi

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:45:09 GMT

Summary:

= Uchi Deshi:　内弟子 =

A live-in student. A student who lives in a dojo and devotes him/herself both to training and to the maintenence of the dojo (and sometimes to personal service to the sensei of the dojo).

== What to Expect ==

What to expect by becoming an uchideshi.
* Expected to take every class
* Answering the phone
* Cleaning the facilities
* etc

== Personal Experiences ==

Please add to this section with your own personal experiences as an uchideshi!
When I was an uchideshi...

Ushiro Tsuki

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:45:04 GMT

Summary: New page: = Ushiro Tsuki = [[Jo]] technique: Thrust against an opponent who is behind. Commence in basic left posture as for the first Jo suburi. Grasp the top of the Jo with your right hand (th...

= Ushiro Tsuki =

[[Jo]] technique: Thrust against an opponent who is behind.

Commence in basic left posture as for the first Jo suburi. Grasp the top of the Jo with your right hand (thumb pointing upwards). Lift the Jo placing it along the underside of your left forearm while sliding your left foot back beside your right. Step back with your left foot, thrusting the Jo straight to your rear and turning your body to your left as you do this.

Ura

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:44:56 GMT

Summary: New page: = Ura:　裏 = "Rear." A class of aikido techniques executed by moving behind the attacker.

= Ura:　裏 =

"Rear." A class of aikido techniques executed by moving behind the attacker.

Ushiro

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:44:55 GMT

Summary: New page: = Ushiro:　後ろ = Backwards or behind, as in ushiro ukemi or falling backwards. Also refers to the class of attacks wherein [[uke]] goes behind [[nage]], usually to gr...

= Ushiro:　後ろ =

Backwards or behind, as in ushiro ukemi or falling backwards. Also refers to the class of attacks wherein [[uke]] goes behind [[nage]], usually to grab.

Uke

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:44:37 GMT

Summary: New page: = Uke:　受け = Person being thrown (receiving the technique). At high levels of practice, the distinction between uke and nage becomes blurred. In part, this is becaus...

= Uke:　受け =

Person being thrown (receiving the technique). At high levels of practice, the distinction between uke and nage becomes blurred. In part, this is because it becomes unclear who initiates the technique, and also because, from a certain perspective, uke and nage are thoroughly interdependent.

Uchi

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:44:20 GMT

Summary: New page: = Uchi:　内 = "Inside." A class of techniques where nage moves, especially, inside (under) the attacker's arm(s). Also, see [[uchideshi|uchi deshi]]. Also a strike (eg shom...

= Uchi:　内 =

"Inside." A class of techniques where nage moves, especially, inside (under) the attacker's arm(s). Also, see [[uchideshi|uchi deshi]].

Also a strike (eg shomen uchi).

Tsuki Jodan Gaeshi

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:43:14 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tsuki Jodan Gaeshi = Jo technique: Two combination movement (mid). Commence in hidari Tsuki No Kamae. Swing back with your right hand to perform Choku Tsuki (first Jo suburi), sliding...

= Tsuki Jodan Gaeshi =

Jo technique: Two combination movement (mid).
Commence in hidari Tsuki No Kamae. Swing back with your right hand to perform Choku Tsuki (first Jo suburi), sliding your feet forwards. Move backwards and to the right, still in hidari hanmi, bringing the Jo up to protect your head. Slide your right hand up to your left and rotate the Jo over your head, in your right hand, to a striking position in preparation for Shomen Uchi strike (right wrist twists, left hand grasps base of Jo). The strike is performed by swinging the Jo in an arc over your head and down onto your opponent as you step forwards with your right foot.

Tsuki Gedan Gaeshi

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:43:07 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tsuki Gedan Gaeshi = Jo technique: Two combination movement (low). Commence in hidari Tsuki No Kamae, with the Jo horizontally in your left hand with your right hand at its base, your...

= Tsuki Gedan Gaeshi =

Jo technique: Two combination movement (low).
Commence in hidari Tsuki No Kamae, with the Jo horizontally in your left hand with your right hand at its base, your feet in left posture. Swing back with your right hand to perform Choku Tsuki (first Jo suburi), sliding your feet forwards. Slide your left hand towards the front of the Jo, and step backwards and to the right, remaining in left posture as you push the Jo back past your right side through the right hand. Turn your hips to the left, stepping forwards with your right foot, and bring the Jo around at knee level to strike at your opponents lower legs. Your right hand should be behind the Jo pushing it round to make contact.

Tsuki

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:43:05 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tsuki:　突き = A punch or thrust (esp. an attack to the midsection).

= Tsuki:　突き =

A punch or thrust (esp. an attack to the midsection).

Tori

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:42:57 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tori:　取り = Person "taking" or doing the technique (ie [[nage]], [[shite]]). Also, "taking away," e.g. tanto-tori (knife-taking).

= Tori:　取り =

Person "taking" or doing the technique (ie [[nage]], [[shite]]). Also, "taking away," e.g. tanto-tori (knife-taking).

Tenshin

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:42:56 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tenshin:　転身 = A movement where nage retreats 45 degrees away from the attack (esp. to uke's open side).

= Tenshin:　転身 =

A movement where nage retreats 45 degrees away from the attack (esp. to uke's open side).

Tenkan

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:42:43 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tenkan:　転換 = Turning movement, esp. turning the body 180 degrees. This is achieved by sliding the front foot forward, then using the hips to turn around and brin...

= Tenkan:　転換 =

Turning movement, esp. turning the body 180 degrees.

This is achieved by sliding the front foot forward, then using the hips to turn around and bring the back foot all the way around, then the front foot closes to give a stable stance with 60% of the weight forward. Neither foot should leave the ground, and there should be a 'down' feeling during the entire motion, almost like a screw turning into the board. The upper body should stay straight, and stable, keeping good posture.

For attacks like [[chudan_tsuki|tsuki]], [[yokumen_uchi|yokumen uchi]], or [[shomen_uchi|shomen uchi]], hands should be relaxed at shoulder level, with elbows down to protect side of body during the tenkan. For attacks like [[katatetori]], or [[morotetori]], curl the wrist to about a fists width from one point keeping the arm round, and keep it centered in front of one point during the tenkan.

Tegatana

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:42:37 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tegatana:　手刀 = "Hand sword," i.e. the edge of the hand. Many aikido movements emphasize extension "through" one's tegatana. Also, there are important similarities...

= Tegatana:　手刀 =

"Hand sword," i.e. the edge of the hand. Many aikido movements emphasize extension "through" one's tegatana. Also, there are important similarities obtaining between aikido sword techniques, and the principles of tegatana application.

Tantodori

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:42:28 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tantodori:　短刀取り　 = The practice of taking away an attacker's [[tanto]] while empty-handed.

= Tantodori:　短刀取り　 =

The practice of taking away an attacker's [[tanto]] while empty-handed.

Taninsugake

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:42:21 GMT

Summary: New page: = Taninsugake/Taninzugake:　多人数掛け = Training against multiple attackers, usually from grabbing attacks. Also referred to as [[randori]] in some ...

= Taninsugake/Taninzugake:　多人数掛け =

Training against multiple attackers, usually from grabbing attacks. Also referred to as [[randori]] in some organizations.

Tanto

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:42:20 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tanto:　短刀 = A dagger. Usually a wooden knife used for takeaways in aikido training.

= Tanto:　短刀 =

A dagger. Usually a wooden knife used for takeaways in aikido training.

TakemusuAiki

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:42:03 GMT

Summary: New page: = Takumusu Aiki:　武産合気 = A "slogan" of the founder's meaning "infinitely generative martial art of aiki." Thus, a synonym for aikido. The scope of aiki...

= Takumusu Aiki:　武産合気 =

A "slogan" of the founder's meaning "infinitely generative martial art of aiki." Thus, a synonym for aikido. The scope of aikido is not limited only to the standard, named techniques one studies regularly in practice. Rather, these standard techniques serve as repositories of more fundamental principles (kihon). Once one has internalized the kihon, it is possible to generate a virtually infinite variety of new aikido techniques in accordance with novel conditions.

TaiSabaki

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:41:59 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tai Sabaki:　体裁き = Body movement.

= Tai Sabaki:　体裁き =

Body movement.

TaiNoHenko

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:41:51 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tai No Henko:　体の変更 = Basic blending practice involving turning 180 degrees. Also known as "Tai no tenkan."

= Tai No Henko:　体の変更 =

Basic blending practice involving turning 180 degrees. Also known as "Tai no tenkan."

Taijutsu

Akiy — Fri, 02 Mar 2007 05:41:50 GMT

Summary: New page: = Tai Jutsu:　体術 = "Body arts," i.e., unarmed practice.

= Tai Jutsu:　体術 =

"Body arts," i.e., unarmed practice.