Welcome to AikiWeb Aikido Information
AikiWeb: The Source for Aikido Information
AikiWeb's principal purpose is to serve the Internet community as a repository and dissemination point for aikido information.

Sections
home
aikido articles
columns

Discussions
forums
aikiblogs

Databases
dojo search
seminars
image gallery
supplies
links directory

Reviews
book reviews
video reviews
dvd reviews
equip. reviews

News
submit
archive

Miscellaneous
newsletter
rss feeds
polls
about

Follow us on



Home > AikiWeb Aikido Forums
Go Back   AikiWeb Aikido Forums > General

Hello and thank you for visiting AikiWeb, the world's most active online Aikido community! This site is home to over 22,000 aikido practitioners from around the world and covers a wide range of aikido topics including techniques, philosophy, history, humor, beginner issues, the marketplace, and more.

If you wish to join in the discussions or use the other advanced features available, you will need to register first. Registration is absolutely free and takes only a few minutes to complete so sign up today!

Reply
 
Thread Tools
Old 10-24-2005, 02:58 PM   #1
Ronin22
Join Date: Oct 2005
Posts: 6
United_States
Offline
Two teachers...

I was hoping to get some insight to a problem I might be faced with. I have the opportunity to train in two different dojos but under the same affiliation (Yamada Shihan) Is there some kind of protocol to follow in letting both know I train at another dojo? When I was training in Kyokushin I remember a student getting whacked by sensei with a shinai for not letting him know he was training with another. Thanks in advance
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-24-2005, 03:58 PM   #2
John Boswell
 
John Boswell's Avatar
Dojo: Aikido of Midland
Location: Midland, Texas
Join Date: Jan 2003
Posts: 597
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Uh... you might ask each Sensei their thoughts on the matter before actually doing it.

That's a start.

Seriously, asking the instructors first, before actually doing it, is the best course of action. I really don't think it will be a problem.

  Reply With Quote
Old 10-24-2005, 04:22 PM   #3
Dirk Hanss
 
Dirk Hanss's Avatar
Dojo: Aikidoschule Trier
Location: Merzkirchen
Join Date: Jul 2005
Posts: 470
Germany
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

I do not think you have to ask, Christopher.
But you should tell both instructors.

Later I wouldn't mention the dojo. Definitely I would not encourage you to say "... but in xyz we are doing it that way.

And for yourself you should define your primary dojo, i.e. where you want to promote, etc.

My sensei knows that I randomly visit other dojo, but I do not tell every visit.

Kind regards

Dirk
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-24-2005, 06:43 PM   #4
Rupert Atkinson
 
Rupert Atkinson's Avatar
Dojo: Wherever I am.
Location: New Zealand
Join Date: Jun 2004
Posts: 1,013
United Kingdom
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Do what ever you like, and if the sensei doesn't like it whack him with a shinai.

  Reply With Quote
Old 10-24-2005, 10:28 PM   #5
Devon Natario
 
Devon Natario's Avatar
Dojo: Northwest Jujitsu/Coeur D'Alene, ID
Location: Coeur D'Alene
Join Date: May 2004
Posts: 109
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

You train where you want and you don't have to tell anyone anything, unless you feel you should.

I have been kicked out of dojos in the past for mentioning I trained elsewhere.

Their excuse is the following,
1. "You can only serve one master!"
2. "Once you get a base, then that's fine, but not until you have a solid foundation."
3. "You may get confused with learning different things, from different people."
etc etc

Honestly, I've done it all my life and I have never had an issue with learning and I have never had an issue with serveing two masters. To be honest I serve one master, and that's the Lord.

If my students learn from other people that's great. You can never learn too much. As a matter of fact, they better share with me the things they learn too because if it's good, I am so eclectic that I will add it to the syllabus if I like it, and I will credit them from bringing it to us.

So you do what you want. As an instructor, I do not care. I only ask that when someone speaks of the "other instructor" they say, "my other instructor".

Good luck, and learn all you can, there's so much out there.

Devon Natario
Instructor
Northwest Jujitsu
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-25-2005, 05:08 AM   #6
Jorge Garcia
Dojo: Shudokan School of Aikido
Location: Houston
Join Date: Jun 2001
Posts: 608
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

It's almost always a problem, one way or another, but you can try it and find out for yourself.
Best wishes,

"It is the philosophy that gives meaning to the method of training."
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-25-2005, 09:39 AM   #7
Ronin22
Join Date: Oct 2005
Posts: 6
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Thanks for the replies. I just realized my original subject line sounds like the beginning of a joke....."Two teachers walk into a bar and........" I think Dirk touched on part of my problem which is picking a base dojo. I know one of the dojos charges just a mat fee to train if you belong to another club but I don't know about the other. I'll just have to find that out. The reason I would do this is because I have the opportunity to train at the NY Akikai HQ because I'm down in the city part of the week but the rest of the time I'm up in the Southern CT area so I have to decide which to make my base.
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-25-2005, 11:45 AM   #8
pezalinski
 
pezalinski's Avatar
Dojo: Aikido of Harvard (IL)
Location: harvard, IL
Join Date: Aug 2004
Posts: 159
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Sounds like a great "problem" to have

Usually, an aikido instructor is more than happy to have you attend additional classes at his/her shihan's dojo. Now, regularly attending classes at an unaffiliated dojo, or at another sister-dojo would be a completely different set of circumstances, and something you'd have to work out with your primary instructor.

I guess the kicker would be, where/when you are able to commit to a schedule of classes, and who do you want to be promoted under. The good news is, you get to pick.

Personally I'd find it much easier to drop in to the "mother-ship" for a few classes around my work schedule, and pay the mat fee, and commit to regular training under a primary sensei at the local dojo near home. That way, my focus for special events would be based around HOME instead of WORK... and I'd change my job long before I'd sell my house and relocate.


A little danger is a knowledge thing...

"Helping the planet make an impact on people, since 1985"
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-25-2005, 12:04 PM   #9
George S. Ledyard
 
George S. Ledyard's Avatar
Dojo: Aikido Eastside
Location: Bellevue, WA
Join Date: Jun 2000
Posts: 2,670
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

My students are certainly welocme to trainwith whomever they wish. I trained for quite a while with both Mary Heiny Sensei and Bruce Bookman Sensei while maintaining my relationship with Saotome Sensei as my teacher. I ran a dojo under Chiba Sensei's within the USAF Western region while being a student of Saotome Sensei and a personal memeber of the ASU. In no circumstance was I ever less than absolutely open with anyone about what I was doing.

Those folks who maintain that it is not the teacher's business whom you train with demean the relationship between the teacher and the student. Anything which has to do with my student's training is of concern to me. They are welcome to train any way they need to but if they lie to me or go behind my back they are clearly not students whom I can trust and I will not invest in them. If you feel that you can't tell your teacher anything about what you are doing with your training then you need to find a new teacher, not dishonor yourself by becoming a "sneak".

George S. Ledyard
Aikido Eastside
Bellevue, WA
Aikido Eastside
AikidoDvds.Com
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-25-2005, 01:08 PM   #10
batemanb
 
batemanb's Avatar
Dojo: Seibukan Aikido UK
Location: body in UK, heart still in Japan
Join Date: May 2002
Posts: 1,031
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Agree with George.

A difficult problem is easily solved by asking yourself the question, "Just how would the Lone Ranger handle this?"
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-25-2005, 02:48 PM   #11
Dirk Hanss
 
Dirk Hanss's Avatar
Dojo: Aikidoschule Trier
Location: Merzkirchen
Join Date: Jul 2005
Posts: 470
Germany
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Quote:
George S. Ledyard wrote:
Those folks who maintain that it is not the teacher's business whom you train with demean the relationship between the teacher and the student.
George,

I hope you do not mean me and my post. I hope I was clear that I totally (or at least mostly) agree with you.

Kind regards Dirk
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-25-2005, 03:47 PM   #12
John Boswell
 
John Boswell's Avatar
Dojo: Aikido of Midland
Location: Midland, Texas
Join Date: Jan 2003
Posts: 597
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Dirk,

One example I know of was my own Sensei. When he was in California, he trained in 3 dojos at one time. He made sure to DO what was being taught at the dojo at the time he was there, and not try to mix things up. He also never corrected or pointed out,"This is how they do it elsewhere." as was mentioned before.

Listen to Ledyard Sensei. I'm sure he didn't mean you nessecarily. He is a TREMENDOUS resource on Aiki-web and has a wealth of knowledge we should all hope to aspire to.

Good luck! Let us know how it works out for you!

  Reply With Quote
Old 10-25-2005, 08:24 PM   #13
Lyle Laizure
 
Lyle Laizure's Avatar
Dojo: Hinode Dojo LLC
Location: Omaha, Nebraska
Join Date: Jan 2004
Posts: 566
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

It sounds like a fair amount of folks have had bad experiences with training with more than one sensei. I have only had one aikido sensei. That being said I have trained with other senseis and currently train in other martial arts. In today's society everyone seems to be of the attitude that they owe nothing to their sensei. Well, all that aside I think it is important to ask permission from your sensei and when/if he/she gives permission then you also have to get permission from the other sensei. Just a thought.

Lyle Laizure
www.hinodedojo.com
Deru kugi wa uta reru
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-26-2005, 01:02 AM   #14
Sonja2012
 
Sonja2012's Avatar
Dojo: Aikido Verein Esslingen
Location: Duisburg
Join Date: Mar 2005
Posts: 193
Germany
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

I have heard fo a dojo that got kicked out of their organisation for inviting a teacher from a different organisation to hold a seminar in their dojo

I am very fortunate to be practicing under a teacher who not only encourages me to go and learn from other people, but who is also very interested in what other people do - especially out of our organisation. He first wants us to get the basics right though (I guess that means "right" in his opinion, of course ) before we go out and get confused though, which I think is fair enough and I personally agree.

I am very grateful for his openness, and in return I always make sure that I don´t keep anything from him and tell him where I go. Anything else would be disrespectful.
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-26-2005, 08:00 AM   #15
Jorge Garcia
Dojo: Shudokan School of Aikido
Location: Houston
Join Date: Jun 2001
Posts: 608
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

I agree with Lyle.

Also, I have a friend who told his new Sensei that he was going to be training in two dojos and he was promptly told that he wouldn't be doing that in "his" dojo. I also once trained in two dojos many years ago and I did tell my Sensei and he gave me permission but it later caused some minor problems. I once had two teachers in the same dojo from different styles but again, because of internal problems, which class you went to became problematic.
I think that the answer to the original question is that it depends on the circumstances. As George Ledyard said, everything should be clear and up front. I also think that in a situation between dojos of the same organization, things should be OK if all is up front and known and even in other situations where people are friends and are used to cooperating. That said, sometimes, Sensei's are wary of "dojo hoppers" and other political things. I personally don't try to regulate what the students do with their own time and would never forbid a student of mine to attend another dojo. I do think that getting your basics done in one style is preferable but if a person can take info and adjust , that's fine. It all depends on what the circumstances are and who the people are. In short, no one can answer this question. We can just report on our experiences.
Best

"It is the philosophy that gives meaning to the method of training."
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-26-2005, 10:10 AM   #16
Devon Natario
 
Devon Natario's Avatar
Dojo: Northwest Jujitsu/Coeur D'Alene, ID
Location: Coeur D'Alene
Join Date: May 2004
Posts: 109
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Quote:
George S. Ledyard wrote:
Those folks who maintain that it is not the teacher's business whom you train with demean the relationship between the teacher and the student. Anything which has to do with my student's training is of concern to me. They are welcome to train any way they need to but if they lie to me or go behind my back they are clearly not students whom I can trust and I will not invest in them. If you feel that you can't tell your teacher anything about what you are doing with your training then you need to find a new teacher, not dishonor yourself by becoming a "sneak".
I hope you have this in your dojo kun too. A common day teacher is not a Psychologist in which you need to pour out your entire past, present, and future concerning anything. As an instructor I am there to teach, guide, and be a friend. If I have done my job correctly, my student would tell me.

If you have done your job correct and you have earned the respect of your students, they will be open and forthcoming with you anyways. I for one do not think just because I am called Sensei that gives me the right to dictate anything of anyone. I still must earn the trust of my students and vice versa. Being there before them does not make me a God in where I command anything.

If a student feels they want to tell me, fine. If they feel they do not, fine. I will not make character judgements of my student because obviously if they do not tell me, it is because I have not earned that trust and I need to accept that, or change it.

A real teacher that is involved with their student is going to know regardless of an open statement. A teacher that is just there to bring in money will not see the students change or growth in the arts, or care to notice. So if a person chooses to keep it from their instructor, so be it. A real instructor will notice the changes anyways.

On another note, many people are not close with their instructors. My true instructor and I are very close to this day. We ate dinner together, we went to recreational things together, I called him during ever changing things in my life (family deaths, divorce, school guidance, martial advice). He was a true instructor. He guided me in life, not only the arts. Out of the fourteen instructors I have had in my 20+ years experience, he is the only one who I would call an instructor or true Sensei. The rest were superficial teachers sharing their knowledge for money. Most instructors that are in it for money, could care less about you. They care that you return to help them make their lease. This is why I say be careful of who you learn from. Now I am not saying you can not learn from superficial teachers, but why feel an obligation to them that teach for money only. If you are close with your instructor, then you wouldn't be asking if you should or should not tell him, you ALREADY would have.

Devon Natario
Instructor
Northwest Jujitsu
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-26-2005, 11:47 AM   #17
MaryKaye
Dojo: Seattle Ki Society
Location: Seattle
Join Date: Dec 2003
Posts: 522
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

I didn't tell my sensei the first time I trained at another dojo (during a couple of weeks when mine was closed). I got chewed out over this by my friends, it set up weird political undercurrents with the other sensei, and it made me feel sneaky and guilty--all in all, a bad decision. The next time I told her, she gave her approval, and that was that.

I currently train a couple of times a month at an Aikikai dojo, paying mat fees--usually I'm there for their open mat night, but occasionally for an actual class. They know that I am not their committed student, but they also know that they offer something I really value--a much broader training in ukemi than my home dojo--and apparently that's okay with them.

I try to do what I'm shown in each dojo, but the Aikikai folks can glance at me and see that I'm not one of theirs--"oh, *that's* why you're so light on your feet," as someone who had just trained with me for the first time said recently. If this bugged them I would leave, but so far it hasn't. I strictly avoid talking about one style when studying the other, except when questioned directly--that can get awkward really fast.

So far this has not caused me trouble at home, though it could--I have been taught a few techniques that my sensei regards as unsafe, and mustn't do them in randori. I'm sure that if I had tried to keep the cross-training secret I would have been caught out long ago. The Aikikai school blocks atemi that the Ki Society school would dodge, and I blocked one from a junior instructor the other night. He just grinned and said "Beats getting hit."

I am in favor of training at multiple schools if the student wants to do it, but I would strongly recommend being honest with both teachers and keeping an eye out for potential problems.

Mary Kaye
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-26-2005, 12:25 PM   #18
odudog
Dojo: Dale City Aikikai
Location: VA
Join Date: Aug 2005
Posts: 394
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

I don't see why you have to tell/ask permission to study at another dojo. If you want to study some place else then go ahead. My dojo lost a student for he was studying in Ninpo as well. The other Sensei said that he couldn't learn Ninpo and Aikido at the same time for they were too similar plus he didn't hold Aikido in high regard. What if you want to train more? The days your dojo is closed, the other dojo is open. I currently learn Aikikai, but in my mind and heart, I don't do Aikikai for I still have some mannerisms and techniques from another style that I learned many years ago. Plus, I have my books, dvds, internet, and tapes. Are you now not supposed to purchase or view any Aikido that is not performed by your Sensei? Are not supposed to attend seminars now as well?
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-26-2005, 12:44 PM   #19
Budd
 
Budd's Avatar
Dojo: Taikyoku Budo & Kiko - NY, PA, MD
Location: Greater Philadelphia Area
Join Date: Aug 2003
Posts: 1,000
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

When/If your teacher is making a large investment in your training, then honest communication with them is an important part of that relationship. If your teacher isn't spending much time with you at all, then whether or not they approve of you training elsewhere is only one of your concerns, in my opinion.

Taikyoku Mind & Body
http://taikyokumindandbody.com
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-26-2005, 01:33 PM   #20
aikidojoe
Dojo: Aikido of Center City
Location: Philadelphia area
Join Date: Sep 2005
Posts: 25
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Chris,

If you have the opportunity to train in NY with Yamada Sensei and another Aikikai school in CT, then do it. I would let Yamada Sensei know, as well as the head sensei in the other dojo. It isn't asking permission, but letting them know is respectful.

You'll find that both Yamada Sensei and the head sensei of the other dojo very agreeable to your training at both. If you want to gain rank, then you should ask them which school they think you should do that at, and how you should track your training hours. It will probably be at whatever one you train at most.
Remember, Yamada Sensei is the USAF chairman, so he already knows the head sensei at that school in CT.

Even if it wasn't affiliated, I know he would probably encourage you to train elsewhere if you wanted.

Gambatte,

-Joe

Last edited by aikidojoe : 10-26-2005 at 01:36 PM.
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-27-2005, 03:08 PM   #21
Ronin22
Join Date: Oct 2005
Posts: 6
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

A lot of good info here thanks for the replies
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-27-2005, 05:44 PM   #22
Joshua Livingston
 
Joshua Livingston's Avatar
Location: QLD Australia
Join Date: Jul 2002
Posts: 34
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Quote:
Christopher Juliano wrote:
Thanks for the replies. I just realized my original subject line sounds like the beginning of a joke....."Two teachers walk into a bar and........" I think Dirk touched on part of my problem which is picking a base dojo. I know one of the dojos charges just a mat fee to train if you belong to another club but I don't know about the other. I'll just have to find that out. The reason I would do this is because I have the opportunity to train at the NY Akikai HQ because I'm down in the city part of the week but the rest of the time I'm up in the Southern CT area so I have to decide which to make my base.
There are pros and cons to either decision. Being a USAF East man myself I have trained with the Sensei of NY Aikikai and I know what their Dojo is like.

The good thing about deciding to have NY Aikikai as the base is of course that you have Yamada and Sugano Sensei as the ones directly in control of your rank and thus when it comes to Shodan testing time, you will be very familiar with their testing requirements and exactly what Yamada likes to see, so it may take off some of the presure and allow you to enjoy the experience more.

The bad thing about having NY Aikikai as base is that it is a very small Dojo compared to the size of its student base. Thus it's very crowded and Sensei may not be able to give you the full attention that you may receive at another Dojo.

I don't know the other Dojo you are looking at, but if they are smaller this may allow you more personal time with the Sensei, which is always an advantage.

As for the etiquette part, you most definitely have to tell both Sensei in this situation as Yamada Sensei is the head of the organization and thus if you choose to make the other Dojo your main Dojo, your rank certificates will be coming from Yamada Sensei, so its better to be up front about it since he will find out any way the first time you test.

As far as I'm concerned if you are taking a different martial art completely at another Dojo say Wing Chun as well as Aikido, then you don't really have to mention that to your Sensei as I don't consider it any more his business than the fact that you play golf or Poker two nights of the week, as they are two different animals. However, if you are taking the same art from a different instructor you really owe it to your Sensei to let them know as such. Not only will this be good for you as it will allow them to be aware that you are training more than they realize, and thus may be progressing at a quicker pace than they anticipate or even require (training hours for testing), but it is also good for them as they will know that the things you may be doing well or badly, isn't necessarily a result of their teaching. Remember, good Sensei learn just as much from their students as students learn from their Sensei. If you seem to be doing Sankkyo in a rather weird way, it's their right to know that it is because you were taught that way by someone else last week, rather than a failing on the Sensei's part to get across the understanding of how their Dojo does it.

From my experience I can almost guarantee it won't be an issue if you are upfront about it as it is the same organization and Yamada Sensei expects every Dojo within to be up to standards. If you were practicing two different styles of Aikido such as Aikikai and Tomiki, I could see that being an issue, but you shouldn't have any problems.

Just pick one Dojo or the other to be your base, register with that Dojo and then show up at the other and say that you are from the first Dojo, but would like to train here part of the week.

If you really can't decide choose the Sensei whose personality you like best and ask them what they think.

Best wishes,

Joshua Livingston
Aikido of Ashland (USAF)
Gold Coast Jujutsu
Capoeira Zambia Congo Group
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-28-2005, 10:21 AM   #23
Ronin22
Join Date: Oct 2005
Posts: 6
United_States
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Thanks Joshua
What was the training experience like at the NY dojo? Did Yamada and Sugano Sensei teach the classes or is there a assistant instructor? I kinda figured they were crowded classes, was there a difference in the class size from during the week to the week end? Sorry for all the questions, I just like to gather info.
  Reply With Quote
Old 10-29-2005, 03:26 AM   #24
Joshua Livingston
 
Joshua Livingston's Avatar
Location: QLD Australia
Join Date: Jul 2002
Posts: 34
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

Quote:
Christopher Juliano wrote:
Thanks Joshua
What was the training experience like at the NY dojo? Did Yamada and Sugano Sensei teach the classes or is there a assistant instructor? I kinda figured they were crowded classes, was there a difference in the class size from during the week to the week end? Sorry for all the questions, I just like to gather info.
I've never actually trained at the Dojo, but I know a lot of people who have and thus have heard many reports of their experiences.

Yamada and Sugano hold regular classes when they are not out at seminars, as well as other Yudansha, depending on the time of day and day of the week.

http://www.nyaikikai.com/schedule.htm

The above is their current training schedule. You will of course have different number of students training depending on the class time and who is teaching. Also it will vary from year to year, and I have't spoken with anyone who has trained their in the past year, so I'm not sure what it's currently like, but nearly everyone comments on how little space there is to move around and train.

I would also highly recommend taking any classes Donovan Waite Sensei teaches. He's awsome to work with.

Last edited by Joshua Livingston : 10-29-2005 at 03:35 AM.

Joshua Livingston
Aikido of Ashland (USAF)
Gold Coast Jujutsu
Capoeira Zambia Congo Group
  Reply With Quote
Old 11-05-2006, 09:05 AM   #25
racingsnake
Join Date: Nov 2004
Posts: 11
Offline
Re: Two teachers...

This is a great thread.

My 'lineage' goes up through Sugano Shihan, but my sensei encourages us to attend courses run by other shihan (for instance, Yamashima, Hiroaki and of course Yamada) whenever they are within travelling range. Of course, that's not quite the same as encouraging us to train at another dojo, but I think openness is the most sensible course if that's what you are planning to do. As other posters have noted, that may also help your teachers understand why you aredoing something a particular way.

The key thing, to my mind, is to steer clear of the "I've been taught a different way: your way is wrong" trap. Just learn from both. After all, if you are in the position of being taught by two teachers, who are you to say that one is wrong and the other is right?

As I say, great thread, very thought-provoking and positive.
  Reply With Quote

Reply


Currently Active Users Viewing This Thread: 1 (0 members and 1 guests)
 
Thread Tools

Posting Rules
You may not post new threads
You may not post replies
You may not post attachments
You may not edit your posts

vB code is On
Smilies are On
[IMG] code is On
HTML code is Off

Similar Threads
Thread Thread Starter Forum Replies Last Post
Aikido Transmission and Class Size Kevin Leavitt General 30 03-02-2007 09:14 AM
Why do teachers stop learning? BKimpel Teaching 68 08-16-2006 04:30 PM
Teachers are just like parents innocent child Anonymous 1 11-27-2004 09:32 AM
Intriguing Teachers Charles Hill General 33 07-09-2003 11:22 AM


All times are GMT -6. The time now is 11:33 PM.



vBulletin Copyright © 2000-2024 Jelsoft Enterprises Limited
----------
Copyright 1997-2024 AikiWeb and its Authors, All Rights Reserved.
----------
For questions and comments about this website:
Send E-mail
plainlaid-picaresque outchasing-protistan explicantia-altarage seaford-stellionate